teatend

Teat end is the distal portion of the mammary teat, comprising the tip and the streak canal that opens to the exterior. It forms the entry point to the teat cistern and mammary ducts. The teat end serves as the first line of defense against external pathogens, and its condition is an important factor in udder health, particularly in dairy cattle, goats, and sheep.

Anatomically, the teat end includes the streak canal and surrounding tissue. The streak canal is lined with stratified epithelium and can produce keratin that creates a protective plug. The outer teat skin can become keratinized or damaged, and teat-end lesions can alter the barrier function and the ease with which bacteria may enter the teat.

Clinical significance: Teat-end damage, especially teat-end hyperkeratosis, fissures, or edema, is linked to higher risks of intramammary infection and mastitis. Teat-end condition is routinely scored in udder health monitoring, helping farmers and veterinarians identify problems related to milking management and environment.

Management: Preventive measures include proper milking machine settings (vacuum, pulsation), well-fitting liners, and routine equipment maintenance; thorough pre- and post-milking teat care; hygiene; prompt treatment of teat injuries; and reducing environmental irritants. Addressing teat-end problems often involves adjusting milking practices, improving housing, and, if necessary, veterinary treatment.