tachyarytmie

Tachyarrhythmia is an umbrella term for a group of cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by excessively rapid heartbeats. In adults, a resting heart rate above about 100 beats per minute is often used as a threshold, but clinical significance depends on the origin of the rhythm and its effect on circulation. Tachyarrhythmias can arise from the atria or the ventricles and may cause palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or fainting, especially if they impair cardiac output.

Classification typically divides tachyarrhythmias by origin into supraventricular (atrial or AV-nodal) and ventricular types. Common supraventricular tachyarrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, and paroxysmal SVT. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias include ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes. Mechanisms include reentry circuits, enhanced automaticity, and triggered activity.

Causes and risk factors encompass structural heart disease (ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy), electrolyte disturbances, drug effects or toxicity, thyroid disorders, and congenital channelopathies. Acute triggers may include autonomic imbalance, ischemia, or stress.

Diagnosis and evaluation rely primarily on the electrocardiogram. Prolonged rhythm monitoring, echocardiography, and laboratory tests help assess rhythm type, heart structure and function, and potential etiologies. Risk assessment considers stability, ventricular function, and prior history of sudden death.

Management varies by stability and rhythm type. Unstable tachyarrhythmias require urgent synchronized cardioversion. Stable cases may be managed with rate control (beta-blockers or non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers) and rhythm control strategies (antiarrythmic drugs, cardioversion if needed). Long-term options include catheter ablation for many supraventricular tachycardias, and implantable devices or medications for selected ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Treating underlying causes and regular follow-up are essential. This information is not a substitute for professional medical advice.