synucleinopatier

Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein within nerve cells or nerve fiber processes. Alpha-synuclein is a protein widely expressed in the brain, playing a role in synaptic function and neurotransmitter release. In synucleinopathies, this protein aggregates, forming insoluble fibrils and inclusions that disrupt normal cellular functions.

These disorders share common pathological features, primarily the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites—intracellular inclusions composed mainly of alpha-synuclein. The aggregation process leads to neuronal dysfunction and cell death, especially within specific regions of the brain, such as the substantia nigra, which is critical for motor control.

Major diseases classified as synucleinopathies include Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Parkinson’s disease is the most prevalent, primarily affecting motor function and often accompanied by non-motor symptoms such as cognitive decline and autonomic dysfunction. Dementia with Lewy bodies involves cognitive impairment alongside parkinsonian symptoms, while multiple system atrophy affects multiple motor and autonomic functions with distinct glial cell pathology.

The exact cause of alpha-synuclein aggregation remains unclear, but genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute. The spread of alpha-synuclein pathology through prion-like mechanisms has gained attention as a potential basis for disease progression. Currently, no cure exists, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms.

Research continues to explore therapies aimed at reducing alpha-synuclein aggregation, enhancing clearance, or preventing its toxic effects, with the hope of altering disease progression.