swinepox

Swinepox is a viral disease of domestic pigs caused by swinepox virus, a member of the Poxviridae family in the genus Suipoxvirus. The illness is generally mild and self-limiting, with characteristic skin lesions and variable systemic signs.

The causative agent is swinepox virus, a large double-stranded DNA virus that replicates in epidermal cells. Transmission occurs mainly through direct contact with lesions and via arthropod vectors such as the hog louse Haematopinus suis; contaminated fomites can also contribute to spread.

Clinical signs typically begin with small skin lesions that progress from macules to papules and vesicles, often centered on the face, ears, limbs, and other exposed areas. In piglets the lesions can be more widespread; adults may show fewer lesions, mainly around teats and other contact points. Fever and malaise may be present, but severe illness is uncommon. Lesions crust and heal over in two to four weeks, usually without lasting damage; secondary bacterial infections can worsen signs and performance.

Diagnosis is usually based on clinical presentation and history, with laboratory confirmation (PCR, virus isolation, or electron microscopy) used in uncertain cases. Differential diagnoses include other poxviral infections and dermatitis conditions.

Prevention and control focus on reducing transmission and secondary infections. There is no specific antiviral treatment or widely used vaccine. Management involves good sanitation, control of lice, minimizing mixing of young pigs, and isolating affected animals. The prognosis is generally favorable, with most pigs recovering uneventfully.