surlar

Surlar are defensive walls surrounding a city or fortress, widely used in Turkey and other Turkish-speaking regions from antiquity through the early modern era. The term is Turkish, with sur meaning wall and -lar forming the plural. In historical contexts, surlar served to protect urban centers, regulate entry and trade, and symbolize political sovereignty.

Architectural characteristics vary by period and region, but common elements include ramparts, towers, gates, battlements, and sometimes moats or glacis. Construction materials typically include stone or brick, and the walls may be reinforced by a surrounding line of fortifications, such as citadels or bastions. The design often reflects the military technologies and urban planning priorities of successive eras, from Hellenistic and Roman influences to Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman styles.

Notable examples are found across the Turkish landscape. Diyarbakır Surları, in southeastern Turkey, are among the most substantial and well-preserved city walls, with extensive towers and gates that trace a long perimeter around the ancient core of the city. In other contexts, historic surlar appear around major urban centers and reflect diverse traditions of fortification and urban defense.

Preservation and study of surlar engage archaeology, architecture, and heritage management. Modern challenges include earthquake risk, weathering, and urban development, which drive restoration and stabilization efforts while aiming to maintain historical integrity and accessibility for education and tourism.