superstition

Superstition refers to beliefs or practices that ascribe causal power to objects, events, or actions without plausible evidence of a reliable mechanism. It often involves rituals, taboos, or interpretations of coincidences as omens that can influence personal outcomes or the course of events in daily life, sport, or work.

The term originates from Latin superstitio, used by early modern authors to describe excessive religious scruple or fear of the gods. In English it entered with a pejorative sense, denoting unfounded or irrational beliefs about luck, fate, or magic that lie beyond established religious doctrine or scientific explanation.

Examples include knocking on wood after a statement to avert bad luck, avoiding certain numbers or colors, carrying or wearing lucky charms, or performing pregame rituals. Some cultures have elaborate systems of omens, divination, or prophetic dreams that guide action under uncertainty.

Causes and functions: Psychological theories emphasize pattern recognition, apophenia, and confirmation bias, along with the tendency to infer causation from correlation. Cultural transmission and social reinforcement help maintain such beliefs. Superstitions can provide a sense of control and social bonding, but may also encourage risky behavior or hinder critical thinking.

Cross-cultural and historical notes: Superstitions appear in many cultures and periods and often reflect broader values or anxieties. In modern societies, they frequently persist alongside scientific understanding and may be integrated into rituals, sports cultures, or folklore rather than religious systems.