subordersSphaerothermiida

Sphaerotheriida is an order of millipedes that are commonly known as giant pill millipedes. They are characterized by their ability to roll into a ball when threatened, much like the more familiar pill bugs, though they are not closely related. This defensive mechanism is achieved through a special arrangement of thoracic tergites that allow for complete enclosure.

These millipedes are found exclusively in Southern Africa, with the majority of species occurring in the Cape region of South Africa. Their habitat typically includes leaf litter, soil, and under rocks in moist environments. Sphaerotheriids are detritivores, feeding on decaying plant matter.

The Sphaerotheriida order contains a single family, Sphaerotheriidae, and several genera. They are among the largest millipedes, with some species reaching lengths of over 10 centimeters. Their bodies are typically dark in coloration, often black or dark brown, with a glossy exoskeleton.

Reproduction in Sphaerotheriids involves the male depositing spermatophores, and the female then lays eggs in burrows. The juvenile millipedes undergo several molts as they grow, increasing in size and number of segments. While generally harmless, some larger species can produce a defensive secretion if handled roughly. Their ecological role is important in nutrient cycling within their terrestrial ecosystems.