submandibular

Submandibular refers to structures located beneath the mandible. In anatomical use, the term most often describes the submandibular gland and the surrounding submandibular region of the neck, which together form a key part of the oral and airway apparatus.

The submandibular gland is a paired major salivary gland located in the submandibular triangle, beneath the mandible and between the digastric muscles. It has superficial and deep lobes separated by a fibrous capsule and is intimately related to the mylohyoid muscle. The duct of the gland, known as Wharton’s duct, arises from the deep lobe, runs forward and medially, and opens on each side of the lingual frenulum at the sublingual caruncles. The submandibular region also contains lymph nodes, small vessels, and nerves in proximity to the facial artery, vein, and the lingual and hypoglossal nerves.

Nerve supply to the gland is parasympathetic, carried by the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve via the submandibular ganglion, with postganglionic fibers innervating both the submandibular and sublingual glands. Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion provide additional, usually modulatory input. Blood supply is primarily from branches of the facial artery, with venous drainage to the facial and internal jugular systems. The region also hosts submandibular lymph nodes, which drain areas of the lower face and oral cavity.

Clinically, the submandibular region is notable for sialolithiasis, where stones form in Wharton’s duct, causing painful swelling and reduced saliva flow. Submandibular gland tumors, most commonly pleomorphic adenomas, are treated by surgical removal, with care to preserve facial nerve function and nearby structures. Diagnostic imaging includes ultrasound, CT, or MRI as appropriate.