stämbandpares

Stämbandpares, often referred to in English as vocal fold paresis, is a partial weakness or incomplete paralysis of one or both vocal folds (stämmband) within the larynx. The condition impairs the ability of the vocal folds to adduct and seal the glottis, which can affect voice production and airway protection. In Swedish medical literature the term is used to describe a dysfunction that ranges from mild weakness to more substantial impairment of nerve supply to the laryngeal muscles.

Symptoms typically include a hoarse or breathy voice, reduced voice strength, and vocal fatigue, especially with speaking for extended periods. Some individuals experience occasional aspiration or difficulty swallowing, particularly when eating or drinking. The severity and pattern depend on whether one or both vocal folds are affected and on the degree of glottic closure.

Causes are diverse. The most common are nerve injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, often as a complication of neck or thyroid surgery, esophageal procedures, or trauma. Other causes include viral or inflammatory neuropathies, stroke or other brain injuries, tumors in the chest or neck, degenerative nerve diseases, and aging.

Diagnosis involves an ear, nose, and throat examination with laryngoscopy to visualize vocal fold movement and closure. Stroboscopy or high-speed imaging, voice assessments, and sometimes laryngeal electromyography help characterize the impairment. Imaging may be used to identify structural causes.

Treatment focuses on voice rehabilitation and restoring glottic closure. Voice therapy with a speech-language pathologist can improve efficiency. If necessary, procedures such as injection laryngoplasty or medialization thyroplasty may be used to improve voice quality and airway protection. Management of any underlying cause is also important. Prognosis varies; many patients experience improvement with therapy or procedures, while others have persistent symptoms.