stres

Stres refers to a psychological and physiological response to perceived demands or threats. It can be short-lived (acute stress) or long-lasting (chronic stress). A form of stres known as eustress may accompany stimulating or manageable challenges and can enhance performance, while distress refers to harmful or unmanageable stres.

Physiologically, stres activates the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, releasing adrenaline and cortisol. These changes prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness. If exposure continues, systems such as the immune, digestive, and reproductive systems may be affected, contributing to health problems.

Symptoms vary and can be physical, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral. Common physical signs include headaches, muscle tension, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. Cognitive effects may include impaired concentration and memory. Emotional signs include irritability, anxiety, or mood swings.

Common causes include work pressure, exams, financial difficulties, relationship issues, caregiving, or serious illness. Life events such as moving, bereavement, or job loss can trigger stres responses.

Management involves reducing exposure to stresors when possible and using coping strategies. Effective approaches include regular physical activity, adequate sleep, balanced nutrition, relaxation techniques (such as deep breathing or mindfulness), time management, social support, and problem-solving skills. When stres is persistent or severe, professional help from a clinician or psychologist may be needed, and in some cases pharmacological treatment may be considered.

Assessment of stres levels can rely on self-report tools, clinical interviews, and consideration of functional impairment. Cultural and individual differences influence the experience and expression of stres.