stonewashed

Stonewashed is a textile finishing technique in which fabric—most often denim—is subjected to abrasive media to produce a faded, worn-in appearance and a softer hand. The term also applies to other cotton fabrics finished to a similar effect. The process uses pumice stones or synthetic substitutes that abrade the surface, removing dye and fuzz.

The technique originated in the 1960s and was popularized by Levi's and other denim manufacturers, creating the casual, pre-worn look that defined fashion trends of that era. It helped reduce stiffness in raw denim and made jeans feel more comfortable.

In traditional stonewashing, garments are loaded with pumice stones and placed in washing machines; tumbling stones abrade fabric, creating color fading patterns that are typically lighter at seams and high-wear areas. Modern variants may replace stones with synthetic media or combine with enzyme washing, chlorine bleaching (acid wash), or laser finishing to modify color and texture while reducing stone waste. Sandblasting was once used to create heavy fades but is now restricted due to health risks to workers.

Stonewashing generates wastewater containing dye, lint, and stone fragments; concerns over air and water pollution and worker safety led to regulatory restrictions and shifts toward safer technologies like ozone, laser, or enzyme-based finishes and improved water treatment.

Stonewashed fabrics tend to be softer and more drapey but may continue to fade and wear through with repeated washing; care instructions typically include washing inside out, in cold water, and avoiding high-heat drying to minimize further wear.