sternutation

Sternutation is the act of sneezing, a rapid, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth. It is a defensive reflex intended to remove irritants from the nasal mucosa, such as dust, pollen, or pathogens.

The sneeze reflex involves a sensory pathway and a coordinated motor response. Irritants stimulate receptors in the nasal mucosa, sending signals via the trigeminal nerve to a brainstem reflex center. In response, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the glottis closes briefly, and then a sudden, explosive expulsion of air occurs through the nose and mouth. Eyelids commonly close during a sneeze, and the soft palate elevates to help direct airflow.

Common triggers include allergens, viral infections, dust, strong odors, and cold air. Some individuals experience a photic sneeze reflex, a hereditary response to bright light that can provoke sneezing. Sneezing can also occur in bursts and may be accompanied by nasal discharge, itching, or congestion.

Etymology traces sternutation to the Latin sternutatio (a sneezing), from sternutare (to sneeze). In medical and everyday language, it is used to describe the act itself rather than the sensation. Cultural practices and etiquette around sneezing vary; some traditions respond with a short exclamation such as “Bless you” or “Gesundheit.”

Most sneezing is normal and self-limiting. Persistent or unusually severe sneezing, especially with nasal itching, obstruction, or fever, can indicate allergies, rhinitis, or infection and may warrant clinical evaluation. Treatments may include antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, or avoidance of triggers.