spittlebugs

Spittlebugs are small sap-sucking insects in the superfamily Membracoidea, primarily belonging to two families: Aphrophoridae (spittlebugs) and Cercopidae (froghoppers). They are found worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Adults are usually modestly colored and capable jumpers. Nymphs spend much of their life hidden in a protective foamy mass known as spittle, which is secreted with air to deter predators and desic­cation.

Life cycle and biology: Females lay eggs on stems or leaves in late summer or autumn. Eggs overwinter and hatch in spring. Newly hatched nymphs immediately begin to feed on plant sap and conceal themselves in spittle as they grow. The foam gradually dries as the nymphs molt, and after several instars the nymphs emerge as winged or wingless adults. In many climates there is one generation per year, while warmer regions may support two or more.

Impact on plants: Spittlebugs typically cause only minor damage to most plants, though heavy feeding can cause distortion, wilting, or reduced vigor in tender growth. They are sometimes considered pests on ornamental plants, grasses, or young fruit trees. Some species can vectors of plant pathogens, but their role as disease vectors varies by region and species and is not as prominent as that of some other insect groups.

Control and management: In most situations, control is not required, but management can help when numbers are high. Physical removal of spittle by hose washing, pruning of heavily infested shoots, and maintaining plant health are effective. If needed, targeted insecticides may be used against nymphs or adults, though natural enemies such as parasitoid wasps and fungal pathogens can contribute to suppression.