specialeducation

Special education is a set of tailored instructional services designed to meet the unique learning needs of students with disabilities. It includes assessments, individualized goals, and supports intended to help students access the general curriculum and develop academic, social, and functional skills.

Students served in special education range from birth through school age and beyond during transition to adulthood. Disabilities commonly addressed include intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, communication disorders, sensory impairments, physical disabilities, and chronic health conditions.

In many countries, laws protect the right to education for students with disabilities. Core concepts include free appropriate public education, placement in the least restrictive environment, and due process. In the United States, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act governs eligibility and services. An Individualized Education Program outlines current performance, annual goals, specific services and accommodations, and how progress will be measured. Students must be reevaluated at intervals to confirm continued eligibility.

Service delivery follows a continuum of placements, from full inclusion in general education with supports to pull-out services, resource rooms, separate classrooms, or specialized schools. Related services such as speech and language therapy, occupational and physical therapy, counseling, and transportation may accompany instruction.

Instructional approaches emphasize evidence-based practices, differentiated instruction, and universal design for learning, with assistive technology and accommodations to support participation and achievement for diverse learners.

The field emphasizes collaboration among special education professionals, general educators, families, and students, with attention to transition planning, ethical considerations, and ongoing assessment to monitor progress and outcomes.