sophism

Sophism refers to a loose tradition of traveling teachers and rhetoricians in ancient Greece, active mainly in the 5th century BCE. Sophists offered instruction in virtue, rhetoric, public speaking, and practical politics for a fee, preparing citizens to argue effectively in courts and assemblies. The term originally meant wisdom, but in classical sources it acquired a pejorative sense, contrasting with philosophers who pursued universal truth.

Key figures include Protagoras of Abdera, known for a form of relativism often summarized as “Man is the measure of all things.” Gorgias of Leontini emphasized the power of rhetoric to persuade, sometimes irrespective of truth. Hippias of Elis and Prodicus of Ceos contributed to linguistic and ethical education. Sophists typically taught methods of argument, grammar, and cultural knowledge, and they helped popularize rhetorical training as a professional skill.

Philosophically, many sophists embraced forms of epistemic skepticism or moral conventionalism, challenging assumptions about absolute knowledge or universal values. Their practice often involved disputation techniques, such as arguing from opposing sides (dissoi logoi) and adapting arguments to fit different audiences and occasions (kairos). They were associated with a practical and relativistic approach to truth, justice, and virtue, which drew criticism from philosophers such as Socrates and Plato.

Legacy and reception: Sophists influenced the development of rhetoric, education, and democratic discourse. In later tradition, the term “sophistry” came to denote clever but misleading or deceptive reasoning, though modern scholarship emphasizes the complexity and diversity of the sophists and their contributions to early philosophical and linguistic thought.