softwares

Software refers to the set of instructions, data, and related content that tell hardware what to do. It encompasses system software that manages hardware resources (such as operating systems and device drivers) and application software that performs user-oriented tasks (such as word processors, web browsers, and games). Middleware acts as a bridge between applications and services. The term software is usually treated as a mass noun, though some writers refer to software programs or applications when counting items.

Software is created through a development process that includes specification, design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Development approaches range from sequential models such as the waterfall model to iterative and incremental methods like agile and DevOps, which emphasize collaboration, frequent feedback, and automated testing. Version control, issue tracking, and documentation are standard practices in professional development.

Licensing and distribution vary. Proprietary software is sold under licenses that restrict use and access to source code; open-source software distributes source code under licenses that allow use, modification, and redistribution. Freeware, shareware, and public-domain software describe other licensing categories. Distribution occurs via installers, app stores, or package managers, and software may be standalone or delivered as a service (SaaS) over the cloud. Software runs on diverse platforms, including desktops, mobile devices, embedded systems, and servers.

As a critical component of modern society, software underpins commerce, communication, science, and culture. Quality attributes include reliability, security, usability, performance, and maintainability. Common concerns include bugs, security vulnerabilities, and compatibility across versions and platforms. Interoperability is often achieved through standardized interfaces, file formats, and application programming interfaces (APIs).