sisaldades

Sisaldades is an Estonian adverbial participle form of the verb sisaldama, meaning to contain or to include. In English, it is commonly translated as including or containing. It functions as a non-finite verb form that introduces accompanying information or an element that is contained within something described in the main clause.

Formation and use: The form ends with the suffix -des, identifying it as an adverbial or gerundial participle. It is typically used after the main clause, separated by a comma, to indicate that the thing being talked about includes additional components or details. Because it is non-finite, it does not change the main predicate of the sentence but adds information about what is included.

Contexts and style: Sisaldades is most common in written Estonian, especially in formal, technical, or instructional prose. It helps to concise­ly specify included materials, features, or elements without creating a separate subordinate clause. In everyday speech, more common constructions or finite verbs may be preferred, but sisaldades remains a useful tool for precise description in formal texts.

Examples:

- Raamat on paks, sisaldades palju fotosid. (The book is thick, including many photos.)

- Aeg on piiratud, sisaldades lisamaterjali ja viiteid. (Time is limited, including supplementary material and references.)

- Dokument, sisaldades lisadokumente, oli koostatud eelmisel nädalal. (The document, containing additional documents, was prepared last week.)

Relation to other forms: The root word is sisaldama, with sisaldus as a related noun meaning contents. Sisaldades contrasts with finite forms like sisaldab or sisaldas, which express different grammatical moods or tenses.