shuimo

Shuimo, or shuimo hua (水墨), is a traditional East Asian painting technique and medium that uses ink and water to create images on paper or silk. The term literally means "water and ink" and emphasizes tonal variation, expressive brushwork, and the depiction of spirit or essence rather than detailed realism. Although often associated with monochrome works, color washes may be used sparingly to complement the ink.

The practice originated in China, with early forms appearing in the Tang dynasty and maturing in the Song dynasty (960–1279) as the core technique of literati painting. Scholars valued spontaneity, personal expression, and restraint; the two main modes were xieyi (freehand, expressive brushwork) and gongbi (meticulous, detailed). The approach spread later to Korea and Japan, influencing Sumi-e and suibokuga.

Technique and materials: Artists grind an ink stick on an inkstone with water to produce varying shades of gray to black, then apply it with brushes to Xuan paper or silk. Mastery lies in brush control, ink density, and composition, including the use of negative space. The interplay of water and ink creates gradations, atmosphere, and a sense of movement.

In modern times shuimo remains a cornerstone of traditional Chinese painting and East Asian ink art, while contemporary artists adapt the language to new subjects and media. It is closely linked to calligraphy in its emphasis on line, rhythm, and restraint.