semelfactives

Semelfactive is a term used in linguistics to classify a subset of verbs whose core meaning expresses a single, instantaneous subevent. The word derives from the Latin semel, "once." Semelfactive events are punctual and non-durative, typically brief in duration, and they describe discrete point-events rather than prolonged activities. Common examples are verbs like knock, blink, sneeze, cough, tap, and snap. Importantly, the same base verb can be interpreted as semelfactive in one reading, or as part of a repeated sequence when combined with repetition markers or discourse context.

Key properties include a distinction between punctual and durative readings, and the potential for iterativity. In an utterance like "She knocked on the door," the act is treated as a small, instantaneous event; "She knocked on the door three times" yields a reading of three semelfactive subevents, each instant, arranged in sequence. The semelfactive is often contrasted with activities (which have duration) and with achievements (which have a determined endpoint).

Cross-linguistic realization varies. Some languages have explicit semelfactive morphology or rely on aspectual markers or reduplication to convey the punctual, repeatable interpretation. Others may not have a dedicated category, using the same verbs with different aspect or adverbial modifiers to yield semelfactive readings. Semelfactives frequently align with perfective aspect, since the subevent is typically viewed as completed at the relevant time.

In linguistic theory, semelfactives help distinguish instantaneous actions from longer-living activities within event structure models. They interact with operators expressing repetition, habituality, or computation of multiple occurrences, and they are central to typological accounts of how languages encode punctuality and the granularity of events. The concept is widely discussed in the literature on aspect, telicity, and event semantics.