schokdemping

Schokdemping, or shock damping, is the process of reducing the amplitude of shocks and vibrations by dissipating kinetic energy as heat or other forms of energy through damping elements. It complements stiffness provided by springs to control dynamic response to transient loads. The goal is to limit peak forces, minimize oscillations, and improve stability and comfort.

Damping is achieved through various mechanisms. Viscous damping uses fluid resistance, as in oil-filled shock absorbers where fluid flow converts energy to heat. Friction damping relies on sliding or rolling contacts. Magnetic damping uses eddy currents in conducting materials to generate resistive forces. Viscoelastic materials provide dissipation through time-dependent deformation. In some systems, air or gas damping, hydraulic actuation, or combinational dampers are used.

Performance is described by parameters such as natural frequency ω_n and damping ratio ζ. For a single degree-of-freedom system with mass m and stiffness k, ζ = c / (2 sqrt(k m)), where c is the damping coefficient. Too little damping allows sustained vibrations; too much damping slows response and can increase peak forces later. Designers balance stiffness, damping, and allowable displacement to meet requirements.

Applications include automotive suspensions, aircraft landing gear, and industrial machinery to protect equipment and improve ride comfort. In civil engineering, damping systems such as tuned mass dampers and base isolators reduce wind and earthquake-induced vibrations. Shock damping is also used in packaging, electronics, and sports equipment to protect components during impact.

Design considerations include operating temperature, wear, seal integrity, and maintenance needs. Damping elements may require fluid replacement, inspection for leaks, and component replacement over time to maintain performance. Dynamic testing using impact or shake tests is commonly used to verify damping performance.