scarabs

Scarabs are beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, a diverse group that includes dung beetles, flower chafers, rhinoceros beetles, and many other forms. With around 30,000 described species worldwide, scarabs vary in size and shape, but a common feature is the lamellate antennae that can be compacted into a club. They occupy a wide range of habitats, from forests and grasslands to deserts and urban areas, and exhibit a variety of colorations, including metallic hues in some species.

Ecology and life cycle: Scarabs undergo complete metamorphosis, passing through egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Many dung beetles feed on mammal feces and play important ecological roles by recycling nutrients, aerating soil, and aiding seed dispersal. Behavioral strategies among scarabs include rolling dung into balls and burying it (rollers and tunnellers) or living within the dung itself (dwellers). Larvae are typically grub-like and develop in soil or decaying organic matter before emerging as adults.

Cultural significance: In ancient Egypt, the sacred scarab Scarabaeus sacer symbolized rebirth and the daily journey of the sun god Khepri. Scarab images and amulets were common in funerary art and jewelry, reflecting beliefs about renewal and protection. Scarab artifacts also appear in other cultures as talismans and decorative objects, illustrating the broader historical interest in these insects.

Distribution and conservation: Scarabs have a cosmopolitan distribution, thriving in many ecosystems. While many species are common, others are threatened by habitat loss, pollution, pesticides, and climate change. Notable species include the Eastern Hercules beetle (Dynastes tityus) and the green rose chafer (Cetonia aurata), in addition to Scarabaeus sacer, which holds particular historical significance.