savannaforest

Savannaforest is a mosaic vegetation type that blends features of savannas and forests. It combines an open to mid-density tree canopy with a continuous or patchy grassy layer, creating a landscape where trees and light reach the ground in some areas while grasses dominate others. Fire and herbivory interact to maintain this intermediate structure, preventing a fully closed canopy and a uniform understory.

Geographic distribution and climate. Savannaforests occur in tropical and subtropical regions where distinct wet and dry seasons support periodic fires and allow grasses to persist between trees. They are described in parts of Africa, South America, Australia, and Asia, often on well-drained soils.

Ecology and structure. Tree species are generally adapted to fire and drought; shrubs and a diverse herbaceous layer fill the gaps between trees. Canopy openness allows a mix of forest-adapted and savanna-adapted fauna, supporting a diverse assemblage of birds, small and large mammals, reptiles, and arthropods. Fire regimes and herbivory help maintain the balance between woody cover and grass.

Dynamics and human impact. The extent and character of savannaforests are influenced by rainfall, fire frequency, grazing, and land use. Human activities such as agricultural conversion, logging, and suppression or alteration of fire can shift mosaics toward denser woodland or open grassland, affecting biodiversity and carbon storage.

Conservation and research. The term savannaforest is used in ecological literature to describe a vegetation state intermediate between savanna and forest, or a mosaic that includes features of both. Ongoing research investigates transitions, resilience, and management strategies under changing climate and land-use pressures.