satelitore

A satelitore is a body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or other larger celestial body. The term typically covers two broad categories: natural satellites, such as moons, and artificial satellites, objects launched or constructed by humans to operate in orbit. Natural satellites are formed through natural processes and vary widely in size, composition, and orbital characteristics. Artificial satellites are designed and built to perform specific tasks and require systems for power, communication, attitude control, and propulsion.

Orbits are described by altitude, shape, and orientation. Common classifications include Low Earth Orbit (LEO), up to about 2,000 kilometers above the surface; Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), roughly between 2,000 and 35,786 kilometers; and Geostationary Orbit (GEO), about 35,786 kilometers above the equator, where a satellite matches the planet’s rotation. Orbits can be prograde or retrograde, circular or elliptical, and some are highly specialized for imaging, communication, or timing.

Uses of satelitore span communications, weather monitoring, Earth observation, navigation and timing, scientific research, and military applications. Artificial satellites enable television broadcasting, global positioning systems, climate data collection, and remote sensing, while natural satellites influence their primary bodies through gravity and tidal effects.

History and development began with the launch of the first artificial satelitore, Sputnik 1, in 1957, marking the Space Age. Since then, thousands of satellites have been deployed, including space telescopes, weather satellites, and constellation missions for broadband, as well as interplanetary probes that use orbital dynamics for mission design.

Technology and design features typically include a satellite bus (structure, power, propulsion, thermal control) and a payload (scientific instruments, cameras, transponders), along with solar panels, batteries, antennas, and an attitude control system. Ongoing trends emphasize miniaturization, CubeSats, large constellations, and enhanced space situational awareness to manage debris and orbital safety.