réttarhöld

Réttarhöld are the hearings or trials in Icelandic law where charges are presented and evidence is evaluated to determine guilt or liability. The term covers both criminal and civil proceedings. In criminal cases, réttarhöld are conducted in the appropriate court, typically a district court (héraðsdómur), with the possibility of appeal to the Court of Appeal (Landsréttur) and ultimately the Supreme Court (Hæstiréttur). Trials are carried out by professional judges. Civil réttarhöld resolve disputes over obligations, contracts, property, or family matters, and are conducted in district courts or higher courts on appeal.

Proceedings are governed by the principles of due process: presumption of innocence, equality before the law, and the right to a defence. The accused or parties have the right to legal representation, to present evidence, to cross-examine witnesses, and to challenge the prosecution’s or plaintiff’s case. Courts typically order witnesses to testify in person, and expert testimony may be heard when specialized knowledge is required. The open court principle generally ensures hearings are public, with limited exceptions to protect privacy or safety.

The typical sequence includes initiation or indictment, pre-trial considerations, the main hearing of evidence, closing arguments, and the rendering of a verdict or judgment, followed by sentencing in criminal cases and, if needed, appeals. Réttarhöld are a central element of Icelandic justice, balancing the state’s interest in enforcing the law with individuals’ legal rights.