rubando

Rubando is an Italian musical term that translates to "stealing" or "robbing." In musical context, it indicates a passage where the performer is permitted to take liberties with the strict tempo, often by slightly speeding up and slowing down. This technique is used to add emotional expression, dramatic effect, or a sense of urgency to the music.

The concept of rubando is not about a complete disregard for the underlying pulse, but rather a flexible and expressive interpretation of it. Performers might employ rubando to emphasize certain notes, create a sighing effect, or build tension. It is often indicated in sheet music with the word "rubato" or sometimes "tempo rubato."

Rubando is a key element in Romantic era music, particularly in works by composers like Chopin, Liszt, and Brahms. However, its application can be found across various periods and genres, allowing for a more personal and interpretive approach to performance. The extent and style of rubando can vary greatly between performers, making each interpretation unique. Mastering rubando requires a deep understanding of the music's emotional content and a sensitive feel for rhythmic flexibility. It is a delicate art that aims to enhance the musical narrative without disrupting its fundamental structure.