rhinolith

A rhinolith is a rare concretion formed within the nasal cavity. It is essentially a calcified mass that can incorporate foreign bodies, mucus, and cellular debris. Over time, these materials become encased in mineral deposits, typically calcium carbonate and phosphate, leading to the formation of a hard, stone-like structure. The exact cause of rhinolith formation is not fully understood, but it is thought to result from chronic irritation or inflammation of the nasal lining, which promotes abnormal calcification.

Rhinoliths are often asymptomatic for a long period, growing slowly and unnoticed. When symptoms do occur, they can include chronic nasal obstruction, recurrent sinusitis, bloody nasal discharge (epistaxis), facial pain or pressure, and a foul odor in the nose (ozena). The size of rhinoliths can vary significantly, from small, pebble-like masses to large, irregular structures that can occupy a substantial portion of the nasal cavity.

Diagnosis typically involves nasal endoscopy, which allows direct visualization of the concretion. Imaging studies such as CT scans are crucial for determining the size, location, and extent of the rhinolith, as well as identifying any associated sinus disease. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the rhinolith. Depending on the size and location, this can be achieved endoscopically or through more open surgical approaches. The prognosis after removal is generally good, although recurrence is rare.