rhinoliths

A rhinolith is a calcified mass that forms within the nasal cavity, typically composed of calcium phosphate and other minerals. These formations are rare but can occur in both humans and animals, often developing over extended periods due to chronic irritation or infection. The term derives from the Greek words *rhino*, meaning "nose," and *lithos*, meaning "stone."

Rhinoliths usually arise from a foreign body, such as a plant fiber, insect, or small object, that becomes embedded in the nasal passage. Over time, mucus, epithelial cells, and mineral deposits accumulate around the irritant, gradually forming a solid mass. In some cases, they may develop from chronic sinusitis or nasal polyps, though this is less common. Symptoms often include nasal obstruction, discharge, foul odor, or facial pain, depending on size and location.

Diagnosis typically involves nasal endoscopy, imaging studies like CT scans, or direct visualization during surgery. Treatment usually requires surgical removal to relieve symptoms and prevent complications, such as infection or tissue damage. Post-removal, follow-up care may be necessary to address underlying causes, such as recurrent sinusitis or foreign body reinsertion.

While rhinoliths are uncommon, they can occur in any age group and are occasionally found incidentally during medical evaluations. Proper hygiene and avoiding nasal foreign bodies can help reduce the risk of formation. In veterinary medicine, rhinoliths are more frequently reported in dogs and cats, often requiring similar diagnostic and surgical approaches.