retinoins

Retinoins are a group of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds that are chemically related to vitamin A. They are also known as retinoids, which is the more commonly used term in scientific and medical literature. Retinoins are fat-soluble and play a crucial role in various biological processes, including vision, immune function, cell growth, and differentiation.

The most well-known retinoin is retinol, a form of vitamin A. Other important retinoins include retinal and retinoic acid. Retinoic acid is particularly significant because it is the biologically active form of vitamin A that can directly interact with specific nuclear receptors in cells. These receptors regulate gene expression, influencing the development and function of tissues throughout the body.

Due to their ability to influence cell growth and differentiation, retinoins have found significant applications in medicine, particularly in dermatology. Topical retinoins, such as tretinoin and adapalene, are widely prescribed for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, and photoaging (skin damage caused by sun exposure). They work by promoting cell turnover, unclogging pores, and reducing inflammation. Oral retinoins, like isotretinoin, are used for severe, recalcitrant acne.

While beneficial, retinoins can also have side effects. Topical preparations can cause skin irritation, redness, dryness, and peeling, especially when first used. Oral retinoins can lead to more significant side effects, including dryness of the eyes and mouth, muscle aches, and, in rare cases, more serious issues. Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant must avoid retinoins due to the high risk of birth defects.