rata

Rata, or rātā, is the common name for several evergreen trees in the genus Metrosideros, in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). Native to New Zealand and surrounding Pacific regions, rata trees are valued for their striking flowers, dense foliage, and ecological role in native forests. The name is used for multiple species, and growth forms can vary from tall, spreading trees to more compact individuals.

The best-known rata species in New Zealand are the northern rata (Metrosideros robusta), the southern rata (M. umbellata), and the coastal pohutukawa (M. excelsa), often called the New Zealand Christmas tree. Northern rata occurs mainly in the North Island and northern parts of the South Island, southern rata in the South Island, and pohutukawa along coastal areas of both islands. Other Metrosideros species occur on some Pacific islands and in parts of New Caledonia and Australia.

Rata trees produce conspicuous flower clusters that are typically bright red, though color can vary by species and individual. The blossoms provide nectar that supports native birds such as tui, bellbird, and kererū, making rata an important nectar source in forest ecosystems. After flowering, the trees form woody fruit capsules that release numerous seeds.

Ecology and habitat vary by species, but rata generally grow in native forest environments and can live for many decades. They are known to be long-lived and can be prominent features in the canopy, sometimes benefiting from interactions with other forest elements such as epiphytic plants.

Cultural significance: In Māori culture, rata trees are prominent landscape features and appear in place names and traditions. The wood is dense and durable, historically used for timber and tool-making.

Conservation: Some rata populations face threats from habitat loss and invasive browsing by mammals, underscoring the importance of habitat protection and restoration efforts.