rakovin

Rakovin is a term used in some languages to denote cancer, a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites (metastasis). Cancer can originate in nearly any tissue and is commonly named after the tissue in which it begins (for example, breast cancer, lung cancer). The development involves genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell cycle control and apoptosis, often driven by a combination of inherited predispositions, environmental exposures, and random cellular events.

Common risk factors include aging, tobacco use, excessive alcohol, poor diet, obesity, chronic inflammation, certain infections, radiation exposure, and family history. Early symptoms are varied and depend on location; they may include lumps, persistent coughing, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or pain. Screening and early detection are important for many cancer types.

Diagnosis typically combines imaging (such as CT, MRI, PET) and tissue sampling (biopsy) with histopathological analysis and molecular tests to determine cancer type and stage. Staging uses systems that assess tumor size, node involvement, and metastasis (TNM), guiding treatment decisions.

Treatment is individualized and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, or combinations. The goal ranges from curative to palliative, with decisions influenced by tumor biology, stage, patient health, and preferences. Public health efforts focus on prevention, vaccination, screening, and reducing exposure to risk factors, while research continues to develop more effective therapies and diagnostics.