radiotoxic

Radiotoxic describes substances or materials that are hazardous primarily because they emit ionizing radiation. Radiotoxicity refers to the potential biological damage caused by radioactive decay, especially when radionuclides enter the body or irradiate tissue externally. The risk from radiotoxic materials depends on the type of radiation, its energy and penetration, and how the radioactive material behaves in or around the body.

Damage from radiotoxicity arises from ionization of biological molecules. Alpha emitters can cause intense local damage if ingested or inhaled, while beta and gamma emitters have different ranges and penetration. The chemical form, solubility, and biokinetics influence how much activity accumulates in specific organs and how long it stays there, affecting the dose to tissues.

Common radiotoxic radionuclides include plutonium, uranium, americium, radium, cesium-137, strontium-90, iodine-131, and polonium-210. Radiotoxicity is a concern in nuclear power production, weapons-related activities, medical radioisotope use, and radioactive waste management, necessitating containment, monitoring, and strict handling procedures to limit exposure and internal contamination.

Health effects depend on the absorbed dose and its distribution among organs. High acute doses can cause radiation sickness, while lower or chronic exposures increase cancer risk and organ damage. Doses are measured in grays for absorbed dose and sieverts for effective dose, with internal emitters often assessed using committed dose over time.

Protection involves shielding, minimizing exposure time, maximizing distance, proper containment, and adequate ventilation. Monitoring uses dosimeters and bioassays, and safety standards are set by bodies such as the ICRP and IAEA, guiding regulation, licensing, and waste disposal.