radikalizem

Radikalizem, or radicalism, is a term used in political and social discourse to describe ideologies and movements that seek substantial or fundamental changes to a society’s political, economic, or cultural order. It encompasses a wide range of currents, and is not inherently linked to violence; radical positions may pursue reform through legal channels, or, in some cases, justify extra-institutional or even violent methods. Distinctions are often made between radicalism, which seeks drastic change, and extremism, which embraces rejection of core democratic norms and may advocate violence.

Historically, radicalism emerged in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment and the subsequent revolutions, as critics of absolute rule pressed for expanded suffrage, civil liberties, social rights, and economic reforms. Over the 19th and 20th centuries, radical currents appeared across the political spectrum, from liberal and socialist reformers to nationalist and religious movements. In modern times, radicalism can be left-wing, right-wing, or religious and ethnic, and is often reinforced by globalization, economic anxiety, identity politics, and online networks.

Radicalization is the process by which individuals or groups adopt increasingly extreme beliefs that may justify breaking laws or harming others. It is influenced by personal grievances, social isolation, and exposure to propaganda, though context varies widely.

Policy responses emphasize prevention, counter-extremism, and rehabilitation, including community engagement, education, critical media literacy, and deradicalization programs that aim to redirect individuals back toward lawful, nonviolent engagement.