põlve

Põlve, or knee, is a hinge-type synovial joint between the thigh and lower leg. It bears body weight and enables movement through flexion and extension, with limited rotation when bent.

Anatomy: the main bones are the femur, tibia, and patella. Articular cartilage lines the ends of the bones; the menisci cushion loads. Stabilizing ligaments are the ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL. The joint capsule contains the synovial membrane and fluid. Tendons of the quadriceps and patellar tendon transmit forces, while thigh muscles control movement.

Function: the knee permits bending and straightening, with some rotation when flexed. It distributes load during activity and relies on ligaments and joint congruence for stability. The patella enhances leverage of the quadriceps.

Common conditions: osteoarthritis is common in older adults; injuries include ACL tears, meniscal tears, patellar tendinopathy, and bursitis. Dislocations and tendon ruptures may occur after trauma.

Diagnosis and treatment: assessment uses physical examination and imaging (X-ray, MRI). Treatments range from rest, ice, compression, elevation and physical therapy to medications and injections. Surgical options include arthroscopy for meniscal repair or removal, ACL reconstruction, and knee replacement in advanced disease.

Prevention: strengthening and flexibility exercises for quadriceps and hamstrings, proper warm-up, gradual training progression, appropriate footwear, and weight management.