põhihariduses

Põhiharidus is the first level of formal education in Estonia, covering nine grades (1–9) in põhikool or in a combined school. It is compulsory for all children and typically runs from about age 7 to 16. Public schools provide põhiharidus free of charge, while private or international schools may have different arrangements.

The curriculum aims to provide a broad, balanced education that develops literacy and numeracy along with general competences such as problem solving, collaboration, and digital literacy. Core subjects include Estonian language and literature, mathematics, science (natural and social), a foreign language (usually English), history and social studies, physical education, arts and crafts, music, and information technology. Schools may offer electives and additional subjects at different levels to tailor learning.

Most students attend põhikool, after which they may continue to upper secondary education (gümnaasium) or enter vocational education. The basic education framework is regulated by national legislation and implemented by local municipalities, with an emphasis on equal access and opportunities for students across regions.

Assessment is continuous, with progress tracked through regular assignments and tests, and final evaluations at the end of the 9th grade. Successful completion typically results in a certificate confirming the achievement of basic education (põhikooli lõputunnistus), enabling entry to further studies or vocational programs. Põhiharidus is aligned with European education standards and forms a foundational part of Estonia’s education system.