pénalisation
Pénalisation is the process by which conduct is subjected to penalties under the law. In French usage, it can refer to criminalization—the extension of criminal liability to acts previously tolerated—as well as to the expansion or intensification of sanctions through administrative or civil penalties. The term is commonly used in criminology, sociology and public policy to describe how laws and enforcement practices translate behavior into penal consequences.
In the criminal law domain, pénalisation designates the act of making an act punishable by penalties such
Debates around pénalisation focus on effectiveness, proportionality, and equity. Critics warn against over-criminalization and stigmatization of
Common domains include drug policy, where criminalization or intensified sanctions is argued to curb use; environmental