publicprocurement

Public procurement is the process by which government agencies and other public sector bodies acquire goods, services, and works from external suppliers. It covers planning, sourcing, contract award, and contract management, with the aim of obtaining value for money while upholding principles of fairness, transparency, competition, and integrity.

The procurement cycle typically includes needs assessment and budget planning, specification development, market consultation, advertisement of solicitations, bid submission, evaluation against predefined criteria, contract award, contract signing, and ongoing contract administration and performance monitoring. Procurement methods range from open tender, which invites broad participation, to restricted or selective procedures for specialized purchases, and, in some cases, direct contracting under statutory thresholds. Reusable mechanisms such as framework agreements and prequalification can simplify repeat purchases.

Principles commonly embedded in public procurement include non-discrimination, equal treatment, transparency, proportionality, accountability, and the presumption of integrity. Public procurement is governed by national laws and regulatory frameworks, and may be influenced by international rules and guidelines, such as trade agreements and regional directives. Many jurisdictions require electronic procurement platforms to publish notices, receive bids, and disclose results to enhance transparency and auditability.

Impact and reform: public procurement aims to deliver value for money, stimulate competition, reduce corruption, and advance policy objectives such as supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, local economic development, and sustainability through green or social procurement. Policy choices include centralized versus decentralized purchasing, supplier development programs, and performance-based contracting. Regular reporting, audits, and performance reviews are used to assess outcomes and enforce accountability.