psychológia

Psychológia refers to the scientific study of mind and behavior. It seeks to describe, explain, predict, and influence mental processes, emotions, perceptions, and actions across individuals and contexts. The field integrates biological, social, and cultural perspectives to understand how people think, feel, and behave in everyday life, development, and in response to stress or illness.

Historically, psychology has roots in philosophy and physiology. It emerged as a formal science in the 19th century, with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first experimental laboratory in 1879. Through the 20th century, schools such as structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and the cognitive revolution shaped methods and theories, leading to the diverse field of today.

Modern psychology uses experiments, observations, surveys, interviews, and psychometric tests, often complemented by neuroimaging, genetics, and computational approaches. Major subfields include clinical and counseling psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, neuropsychology, health psychology, educational psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology.

Applications cover mental health treatment, education, workplace design, health promotion, and public policy. Ethical principles emphasize informed consent, confidentiality, welfare, and integrity in both research and practice, with attention to cultural sensitivity and diversity.

Ongoing advances in neuroscience, genetics, and data science continue to integrate levels of analysis from brain mechanisms to social and cultural factors, reinforcing psychology's broad scope and applicability.