protocole

Protocole is a term used across disciplines to denote a formal set of rules, steps, or procedures that govern actions, communications, or experiments. The concept encompasses etiquette and ceremonial rules in diplomacy, as well as standardized methods in science, medicine, and information technology.

In diplomacy and international relations, protocol refers to the code of conduct and etiquette governing interactions among officials and states, including titles, precedence, seating, and formalities during ceremonies, receptions, and negotiations.

In information technology and telecommunications, a protocol is a published set of rules that define how data is formatted, transmitted, compressed, addressed, authenticated, and interpreted by communicating devices or software. Standards bodies such as the IETF, ISO, and ITU publish many protocols; examples include TCP/IP, HTTP, and SMTP, which enable interoperable communication across networks.

In science, medicine, and research, a protocol is a documented plan for a study or procedure, detailing objectives, design, population, interventions, statistical methods, and ethical considerations. Protocols ensure consistency and reproducibility and must often be approved by ethics committees or institutional review boards. The term also covers standard operating procedures used to standardize laboratory or clinical workflows.