proprioceptio
Proprioceptio, also known as proprioception, is the sense that enables a person to perceive the position, orientation, and movement of their body parts without relying on vision. It arises from specialized sensory receptors—proprioceptors—in muscles, tendons, and joints, as well as from skin and vestibular input that contribute to limb awareness and balance.
Receptors and pathways: muscle spindles detect stretch; Golgi tendon organs detect tension; joint receptors sense angle
Functions and development: critical for balance, coordination, motor learning; allows smooth, coordinated actions without constant visual
Clinical relevance and assessment: impaired proprioception occurs in neuropathies, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and after musculoskeletal injuries;