prononces

Prononces is a proposed linguistic category describing short, autonomous elements that function simultaneously as referential markers and discourse modifiers. In theory, prononces blend properties of pronouns with those of discourse particles or evidential markers, encoding who is referred to and the speaker’s stance toward the proposition.

The term prononces is a portmanteau of “pronoun” and a word meaning to announce or enounce. It appeared in theoretical discussions during the late 2010s to capture cross-cutting functions observed in some experimental data. It has not achieved wide consensus and remains largely within speculative or exploratory literature rather than established typology.

Functions and structure: Prononces are described as clitic-like or standalone particles that may attach to verbs, nouns, or clauses, depending on the language. Their core functions typically include reference assignment (first, second, or third person) and discourse-related meaning such as stance, epistemic certainty, or focal emphasis. Because they can carry multiple interpretations, their form and placement vary across linguistic systems, making cross-language generalizations difficult.

Cross-linguistic evidence and debate: Reported in a small number of languages with rich clitic inventories or pro-drop properties, prononces have not been systematically validated across languages. Critics argue that what is labeled as prononces may instead reflect combinations of established categories—pronouns, demonstratives, mood markers, or evidentials—rather than a unified, distinct class.

See also: Pronoun, Clitic, Discourse marker, Stance, Evidentiality.