prefabrication

Prefabrication, or off-site construction, is the practice of fabricating building components in a controlled factory setting and transporting them to a job site for rapid assembly. It encompasses a range of approaches, including panelized systems, volumetric modules, and hybrid assemblies, and can involve timber, concrete, or steel components.

Panelized systems manufacture wall, floor, and roof panels with integrated components such as insulation, sheathing, or finish material. Modular or volumetric construction produces fully or partially finished modules that are craned into place. Hybrid methods combine prefabricated elements with on-site construction.

Historically, prefabrication emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with factory-made housing and industrialized construction methods. Advances in materials, shipping, and digital design have expanded its use, especially in urban housing, hotels, healthcare, and education. Precast concrete, cross-laminated timber, and steel-framed modules are common materials.

Advantages include improved quality control, faster project delivery, reduced on-site waste and weather exposure, and greater safety. Limitations include higher upfront design and transportation costs, limitations on customization, and the need for specialized logistics, cranes, and skilled labor. Site constraints and local regulations can affect feasibility.

Prefabrication is supported by building information modeling (BIM), standardized components, and quality-management systems. It is increasingly used worldwide, driven by sustainability goals and urban housing demand. Ongoing research focuses on improved connections, long-span modularity, and integrated energy systems.