powierzchowny

Powierzchowny is an adjective in Polish that denotes relation to or being on the surface of something. It is derived from the noun powierzchnia (surface) with the suffix -owy, which forms adjectives indicating characteristic or pertaining to. The term is used in both literal and metaphorical senses.

In its literal sense, powierzchowny describes things that are on or close to the surface. Common contexts include the surface layer of a material or medium, for example a "powierzchowna warstwa gleby" (surface layer of soil) or a "powierzchowna rana" (superficial wound) in medicine, where depth and penetration are contrasted with deeper injuries. In science, it can describe surface properties or surface phenomena, such as "reakcje powierzchniowe" (surface reactions) or "warstwa powierzchowna" (surface layer).

In a figurative sense, powierzchowny refers to something shallow or lacking depth, thoroughness, or lasting significance. A "powierzchowna ocena" or "powierzchowna analiza" implies a cursory, not fully explored assessment. This usage is common in discussions of information, behavior, or explanations that fail to address underlying causes or complexities. The noun form "powierzchowność" corresponds to the concept of superficiality.

Usage notes: the word can describe tangible surfaces as well as abstract qualities. It is often contrasted with głęboki (deep) or szczegółowy (detailed). In translation, powierzchowny is typically rendered as "superficial" in English.

Overall, powierzchowny covers both physical surface-related meanings and the more common figurative sense of being shallow or not thorough.