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Potash refers to a group of potassium-containing salts that are important in agriculture and various industrial applications. The term typically covers potassium chloride (KCl), known as muriate of potash; potassium sulfate (K2SO4), called sulfate of potash; and, to a lesser extent, potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and other potassium salts. Potassium is a vital plant nutrient, contributing to processes such as water regulation, enzyme activation, and disease resistance. In fertilizers, potash supplies potassium rather than nitrogen or phosphorus, helping crops achieve better yields and quality.

Sources and production methods vary. Potash is most often obtained from underground ore deposits that contain sylvite (KCl) and carnallite (KMgCl3·6H2O), or from brine deposits. Mining methods include conventional underground mining and solution mining, followed by processing and refining. Potassium chloride is the dominant potash fertilizer and is produced by refining ore to produce concentrated KCl. Potassium sulfate is produced by reacting potassium chloride with sulfuric acid to yield K2SO4 and hydrochloric acid; it is used for chloride-sensitive crops. Potassium carbonate has specialized uses and is less common in large-scale fertilizers today.

Uses extend beyond agriculture. The primary use of potash compounds is as fertilizers, supplying essential potassium to crops. Potassium chloride is also used as a salt substitute in foods, while K2SO4 finds applications in fertilizers for specialty crops and in some industrial processes. In addition, potassium salts have roles in glassmaking, ceramics, and various chemical industries.

Global production centers include Canada, Russia, Belarus, China, and the United States. Potash mining and processing require substantial water and energy, and environmental considerations include land disturbance and management of brine and recycle streams.