populist

Populist describes a political approach or actor that claims to defend the generic will of the people against a corrupt, self-serving elite. Populists typically frame politics as a moral struggle between "the people" and "the establishment," rely on direct, often simplified messaging, and emphasize charismatic leadership. Populism is not a fixed ideology; it can appear across the left–right spectrum and can operate within or against formal party structures.

From Latin populus, meaning "the people," the term entered political discourse in the 19th century and gained prominence in modern politics as a label for movements claiming to speak for the people against elites. In contemporary usage, it is applied to a range of actors who present themselves as the authentic voice of ordinary citizens.

Variants of populism differ in emphasis. Left-wing populism often stresses economic justice, anti-elite finance, and anti-corruption. Right-wing populism emphasizes national identity, immigration, and law and order. While both claim to represent ordinary people, they differ in policy priorities and targets of blame.

Criticism and analysis commonly note that populism can rely on simplistic solutions and rhetorical binaries, along with skepticism toward established institutions that protect pluralism. Critics warn it may erode checks and balances; proponents argue that it can broaden democratic participation by mobilizing popular grievances and reshaping political agendas.

Usage and boundaries: The term is contested and used in diverse ways by scholars, media, and politicians. It describes a style, a strategy, or an ideology, and does not denote a single doctrine.