polyantimony

Polyantimony refers to polymeric or cluster forms of elemental antimony in which multiple Sb atoms are directly bonded by Sb–Sb bonds. These species occur in both neutral and charged forms: as discrete molecular clusters in solution or in solid-state materials, and as polyantimonide or polyantimonate anions within salts of alkali or alkaline-earth metals.

Structures vary from linear or zigzag chains and two- or three-dimensional networks to discrete clusters such as Sb_n cages; isolated examples include ring- or cage-like motifs with delocalized metal–metal bonding. Bond lengths typically fall in the range of 2.8 to 3.0 angstroms for Sb–Sb bonds.

Synthesis often involves reduction of higher oxidation-state antimony species or high-temperature solid-state reactions that promote Sb–Sb bonding. Polyantimony species can also be generated in solution using strong reducing agents and coordinating ligands that stabilize clusters; crystallization from molten salts or solvates is common for isolating polyantimony clusters.

Properties and applications vary with structure and charge. Polyantimony materials generally show semiconducting or metallic character depending on the degree of polymerization and charge distribution; their redox properties make them of interest in cluster chemistry and materials science. Potential applications are mainly exploratory, including use as precursors to antimony-containing materials or as components in electronic or optical materials, though they remain largely in the realm of academic research.

Safety: antimony compounds are toxic; handling requires standard laboratory precautions and proper waste disposal.