Sb

Sb is the chemical symbol for antimony, a chemical element with atomic number 51. It is classified as a metalloid, exhibiting properties between metals and nonmetals. In pure form it is a brittle, silvery-gray solid. Antimony forms several oxides and sulfides, and occurs in nature mainly as the mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Its most common oxide form is Sb2O3, which exists in the mineral varieties valentinite and senarmontite.

Occurrence and production are dominated by mineral resources. The primary ore is stibnite, from which antimony is extracted by roasting to produce antimony oxide, followed by reduction with carbon to yield the metal. Refining processes improve purity for industrial use. Antimony has long been known since ancient times and has been used in alloys and pigments; its symbol Sb derives from the historic name stibium.

Applications are diverse. Antimony is added to lead to improve hardness and mechanical properties in batteries, bullets, and various alloys, and is used in solders. Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) serves as a flame retardant in combination with halogenated compounds. It is also used in catalysts, certain glass and ceramic formulations, pigments, and as a dopant or alloying element in semiconductors and other electronic materials.

Safety and environment are important considerations. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic if ingested or inhaled, and occupational exposure requires appropriate controls. Environmental concerns focus on mining waste and the handling of antimony compounds, which can pose health risks to workers and nearby communities.

Common producers include China as a leading supplier, with additional production in Bolivia, Russia, Tajikistan, and other countries.