pneumatique

Pneumatique, in engineering known as pneumatics, refers to the use of compressed gas, usually air, to transmit and control energy. It forms a branch of fluid power, alongside hydraulics, and is widely used in industry for automation and tooling. The working principle relies on storing energy in compressed gas at high pressure; when released, the gas expands and exerts force on a piston or other actuator. The force equals pressure times area, enabling linear or rotary motion through cylinders, valves, and actuators. Control is achieved with a network of valves, regulators, and sensors, often arranged as a pneumatic circuit.

Typical components include air compressors or pumps, storage receivers, air treatment such as filters, regulators, and dryers to remove moisture, lubricators, hoses, and fittings; actuators such as cylinders and rotary actuators; and control elements such as solenoid or pilot valves. Operating pressures vary from a few bar to several tens of bar, depending on the tool and safety requirements. Advantages of pneumatics include simplicity, ruggedness, fast response, clean operation due to dry air, and inherent safety in explosive environments. Drawbacks include energy losses due to compressibility, limited force at high speed, audible noise, and the need to manage moisture and leaks.

Applications span manufacturing and automation, including clamping, gripping, picking, and braking systems. Pneumatic brakes have historical significance in rail and road transport. The term derives from Greek pneuma 'breath' or 'wind' and teknē 'art'.