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Pneumatic systems, also known as pneumatics, are mechanical systems that use compressed air to transmit power and create motion. These systems are widely used in various industries due to their simplicity, reliability, and ability to operate in harsh environments. The primary components of a pneumatic system include a compressor, which generates compressed air, and pneumatic actuators, such as cylinders or motors, which convert the compressed air into mechanical motion.

Pneumatic systems operate on the principle of Pascal's law, which states that a change in pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container. This principle allows for the efficient transmission of power over long distances with minimal energy loss.

One of the key advantages of pneumatic systems is their cleanliness. Since compressed air is used as the power source, there is no oil or other contaminants present in the system, making it ideal for applications where cleanliness is crucial, such as in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Additionally, pneumatic systems are relatively inexpensive to maintain and repair, as they do not require complex lubrication systems.

However, pneumatic systems also have some limitations. The power output of pneumatic systems is generally lower compared to hydraulic systems, which use liquid as the power source. Furthermore, the efficiency of pneumatic systems can be affected by factors such as air temperature and humidity, which can cause the compressed air to expand or contract, leading to reduced performance.

In summary, pneumatic systems are versatile and reliable mechanical systems that use compressed air to transmit power and create motion. They are widely used in various industries due to their simplicity, cleanliness, and ability to operate in harsh environments. While they have some limitations, their advantages make them a popular choice for many applications.