pleuriittiin

Pleuritis, or pleuriitti in Finnish, refers to inflammation of the pleura, the two-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs. The inflamed pleura irritates the chest wall, producing sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens with deep breaths, coughing, or sneezing. A pleural effusion, an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, can accompany the condition and may contribute to shortness of breath.

Causes of pleuritis include infections (often viral or bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis), autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary embolism, chest trauma, and certain medications. In many adults, the cause is unknown or idiopathic.

Pathophysiology involves friction between the inflamed visceral and parietal pleural layers during breathing, which generates pain and can produce a pleural rub audible on examination. If fluid collects in the pleural space, it can compress the lung and exacerbate breathing difficulty.

Diagnosis is guided by history and physical examination. A pleural friction rub may be detected, and imaging such as chest X-ray, ultrasound, or CT can reveal effusion or underlying lung disease. Analysis of pleural fluid obtained by thoracentesis helps differentiate infectious, malignant, or inflammatory origins. Blood tests can aid in identifying systemic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions.

Treatment targets the underlying cause and symptom relief. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen are commonly used for pain and inflammation. Corticosteroids may be considered for autoimmune causes. Antibiotics are indicated if a bacterial infection is suspected or confirmed. Pleural drainage may be necessary for large or infected effusions. Most cases improve with appropriate treatment, though prognosis varies with the underlying cause and presence of complications.