pleocytose

Pleocytosis is a medical term describing the presence of an increased number of cells in body fluids, most commonly referring to cerebrospinal fluid. The condition is typically diagnosed when cell counts exceed normal reference ranges, which vary depending on the specific fluid being analyzed and the patient's age.

In cerebrospinal fluid, pleocytosis is often indicative of underlying pathological conditions affecting the central nervous system. The increased cell count may include white blood cells, red blood cells, or other cellular components. When white blood cells are predominantly elevated, it commonly suggests inflammatory or infectious processes such as meningitis, encephalitis, or autoimmune disorders affecting the brain and spinal cord.

The clinical significance of pleocytosis depends on several factors including the type of cells present, the total cell count, and the patient's presenting symptoms. Lymphocytic pleocytosis, characterized by elevated lymphocytes, often indicates viral infections or chronic inflammatory conditions. Neutrophilic pleocytosis, with increased neutrophils, typically suggests bacterial infections or acute inflammatory responses.

Diagnosis requires analysis of fluid samples through laboratory testing, including cell counting and differential analysis. Additional tests such as culture, polymerase chain reaction, or immunological assays may be performed to identify the underlying cause. The timing of cell appearance is also clinically relevant, as acute conditions typically show rapid onset of pleocytosis while chronic conditions may present with more gradual changes.

Treatment of pleocytosis focuses on addressing the underlying cause rather than the cellular increase itself. This may involve antimicrobial therapy for infections, immunosuppressive medications for autoimmune conditions, or other targeted interventions depending on the specific diagnosis. Prognosis varies widely based on the underlying condition, with some cases resolving completely with appropriate treatment while others may result in permanent neurological damage or chronic complications.